Abstract: Taking the scientific development concept as the forerunner, the archaeological excavation of the eastern Zhou Dynasty national jade is the physical evidence. The overall appearance, main features, type modeling, technological features, innovative forms, commercial value, cultural connotation and aesthetic taste of the Spring and Autumn Warring States jade are the following. Comprehensive analysis, research and evaluation of artistic style, ethical standards, behavioral culture, and jade concept. During the turbulent and changing period of the transition from slavery to feudalism in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the political situation of "the ritual collapses and bad" led to the historical value, social value, artistic style and academic value of the further development of the jade carving jade industry. On the gradual decline of the Spring and Autumn Warring States jade rituals, the rapid development of decorative jade from God to human, Confucius pioneered the "Yi Bide" theory, giving jade a moral connotation.

Key words: Spring and Autumn and Warring States; Jade; main features; cultural and artistic style; innovation; China.

introduction

The Eastern Zhou Dynasty in Chinese history was divided into two periods by the historians in the Spring and Autumn Warring States (770 BC - 221 BC). The political center of this period gradually shifted from the Zhou royal family to the vassal countries.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was a period in which ancient Chinese society changed from slavery to feudalism. In 770 BC, after Zhou Ping Wang Dongqian, the Zongde system and the clan system of the Western Zhou Dynasty regime Wang Gang began to disintegrate. The authority of the Zong Zhoujun was gradually lost, and the central government no longer had the power to control the princes. The princes contend for the glory, Hou Guo wants to merge with each other, and the big countries appear one after another, breaking the tyrannical juxtaposition and the royal family's unique respect.

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States began to enter a period of turmoil and change. Frequent merger wars have promoted the advancement of society to a certain extent. The war destroyed the old system and created a new system; the old lord class was gradually replaced by the new landlord class, and the old serf class was replaced by the new peasant class. In the culture, there have been the emergence of the philosophers, and the contending for the main characteristics of the "sub-study" era.

The emerging powers have begun a series of political and economic reforms, which have greatly improved agricultural productivity and promoted the rapid development of handicrafts and commerce in vassal states. The political situation of "the ritual is broken" has led to the further development of the jade carving industry. The result of "a hundred schools of thought contend" has created the "Yi Bide" theory. It is under these conditions that the various vassal countries, Yu Yuye, have gradually grown up and developed. The spread of handicraft technology has made the types, ornamentation and processing art of jade appear in a more uniform form and is popular in a larger range. Traditional jade rituals gradually declined; decorative jade articles began to become popular, increased, and rapidly developed, gradually occupying a dominant position. The overall characteristics of the jade are exquisite, the shape and the ornamentation are different, the carving skill is complex and superb, and the multi-purpose ornament is full of carvings without leaving the space. The ornamentation is abstract and fine, with many changes, full of mysterious colors and rich Imagine, full of artistic charm, strengthens the decorative beauty of jade, and has a unique artistic style; it marks the transformation of ancient Chinese jade from god to man, and gives jade a moral connotation. First, the type, shape, craftsmanship and commercial value of the Spring and Autumn Warring States jade 770 BC, Zhou Ping Wang Dong moved to Luo Yu (now Henan Luoyang) to 476, Zhou Jingwang (fourty-four years) history called Chunqiu. The social characteristics of the Spring and Autumn Period, the political divisions of the various vassal states, and the military struggle, formed a situation of war and chaos. In this special political context, productivity has been greatly developed, and jade articles in handicrafts have made great progress.

The Spring and Autumn Jade Artifact is the role of the transition period from the peak period of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the transformation of the Qin and Han jade. The quantity is varied, the style is different, and it is diversified due to different regions; there have been many new changes in new styles, patterns and craftsmanship, and the standard of form beauty has been greatly improved.

1.1 Types and shapes of spring and autumn jade

Jade type. The number of spring and autumn jade articles is quite abundant and can be roughly divided into:

Decorations: jade tube, jade, jade, jade, string, jade, shell, jade sword, bamboo, enamel, double dragon ring, jade ring, jade, jade, Jade machine, jade belt hook, double arched ridge jade decoration (new creation), parrot first arch decoration, axe shape, jade arc tube, jade sword handle, jade square cylinder, jade handle shape.

Production tools: jade axe, jade ring first copper knife.

Daily necessities: there are jade, jade, jade square punch, jade book.

Characters: There are jade people, human figures, people's first shape, and jade people.

Animals: Yulong, Yuhu, jadefish, jadeworm, jade sheep, jade rabbit, jade turtle, jade, animal-shaped, bird-shaped, dragon-scale, and dragon and tiger.

Etiquette categories: there are jade wall, jade, jade, jade, jade.

Funeral categories: there are jade, jade nose, jade, and jade cover.

Jade shape. The jade wares in the Spring and Autumn Period can be divided into: geometric, character, and animal.

The pattern of the ornamentation is more common with the first line of the Yinxian dragon. The dragon pattern, the animal face pattern, the grain pattern, the double hook pattern, the dragon scale pattern, the crepe pattern, the crepe pattern and the hook cloud pattern are the main patterns; the second is the fish pattern and the crepe pattern. , Python pattern, silk moth pattern, square folding "S" pattern, deformation animal face pattern. Among them, grain, crepe and crepe are innovative patterns.

In the ornamentation, a fine hook-and-stitch pattern is a typical representative of the early and middle stages of the spring and autumn jade. [Photo 1 Spring and Autumn Sapphire bas-relief animal face jade card].

1.2 Selection of spring and autumn jade articles and process characteristics

Jade material selection. In the spring and autumn period, the materials used in jade articles mainly used Xinjiang tremolite soft jade. Most of them are Hetian Qingyu, Qingbaiyu, Jasper, Moyu, Topaz and a small amount of Shaanxi Lantian jade; less use of Hetian Yangzhiyu, because the condensed sheep fat jade and white jade are rare and very rare.

Process characteristics. The spring and autumn jade ornaments are fine, the lines are accurate and smooth, and the carving skills are superb, and another one is out. The mid-term process features are no longer limited to flat patterns, and they are transformed into hidden lines and embossed pieces, with numerous patterns and fine rules. In the late stage, the bas-relief and the embossing technique were used to make bas-reliefs. In the jade and dragon-shaped plate-like bodies, the square and crepe lines and multi-level reliefs began to appear on the jade.

Popular in the Spring and Autumn Period, the jade piece is better than the book. The tiger body has a square-shaped "S"-shaped pattern, a "human" pattern and a hook-and-cloud pattern, and the tiger head is square and the lips are rolled. [Photo 2 Spring and Autumn. Hetian Qingyu Tiger-shaped jade piece].

The spring and autumn jade crafts are exquisite and light-weighted, and there are more flakes. The jade is more than 0.1-0.3 cm thick and evenly regular. Most of the decorations are engraved, and the objects are covered with fine decorative lines, which are composed of fine Yin lines, double Yin lines, raised and smooth crepe lines, and extremely small side animal lines. The lines are fine, the width is only 0.1 cm, the lines are round and round, and the craftsmanship is skillful. For example, the longan of the dragon's first line is a small circle that is difficult to distinguish with a small naked eye. The diameter is only 0.1 cm, so many people mistakenly believe that the spring and autumn jade dragon has no eyes.

The innovative carving technique and processing skills in the spring and autumn jade are displayed on the double arches. One end of the double system is the animal head shape, and the other end protrudes from the parallel double ring, which is only 0.9 cm apart. The two are connected by a cylindrical jade, which can be rotated, the shape is peculiar, rare, and the craft is exquisite. In the late spring and autumn, jade crafts appeared intensive intensive embossed lines, and there were shallow and inscribed wide-width patterns. The utensils are open and even, dense and thin, with few thick lines, and the lines have burrs, which is a typical process characteristic of the spring and autumn jade.

1.3 Classification and modeling of the warring States jade

From 221 BC to 221 BC, due to the contending of the princes and the war, the history of this affair was the Warring States Period. The Warring States Period was a period from division to unity, and it was an era from feudalism to authoritarian autocracy. After a long war of hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period, when the Warring States Period, the vassal states mainly had Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei, and Qin, and the history was called "Seven Heroes of the Warring States."

During the Warring States period, China's feudal system began to take shape, and history experienced epoch-making changes. All the vassal states have implemented changes in morality and rich countries. In the ideological, academic, cultural and artistic fields, there have been hundreds of contending, open-minded situations, and the traditional handicraft industry and jade carving jade industry have developed rapidly. The overall style of the jade is from simple to complex, and the ornamentation is meticulous and meticulous. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the ritual, to the decorative aesthetics, decorative jade has occupied a major position, etiquette, jade and its corresponding development.

Jade classification. There are many varieties of warrior jade articles, which can be divided into:

Decorations: There are jade beads, jade, jade bracelets, jade beads, jade cups, jade pipes, jade swords, jade hooks, jade ornaments, jade groups, dragons with hooks.

Practical supplies: jade cup, jade plate, jade lamp, jade comb, earrings, jade, jade frame, jade book, jade, jade box. It laid the foundation for the diversified development of the jade practical utensils.

Animals: Yuhu, Yulong, Yuma, Jade Bird, Yuxi, Longfeng, Xiaolong, Jade Frog, Parrot, and Dragon.

Etiquette categories: mainly Yubi, Yuxi, Yugui, Yuxi.

Funeral categories: jade, jade mouth plug, jade nose plug, jade, jade, jade clothes.

Jade shape. In the shape of the Warring States jade, the decorations are mainly in the form of a sheet, the thickness is uniform, and the edges are sharp. The ceremonial jade is characterized by a jade wall with a large size. And there are innovative shapes, there are large holdings, dragons with hooks, jade swords, jade frames, ear cups, and jade-shaped jade.

1.4 The ornamentation and craftsmanship of the Warring States jade

Jade ornamentation. The most prominent change in the Warring States jade is reflected in the ornamentation of the jade, and the ornamentation continues the style of the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Warring States period, the vassal states were independent, highlighting the local style and strengthening the decorative beauty of the jade. There are grain, vortex, hook, cloud, cirrus, moiré, bamboo pattern, mesh pattern, rope pattern, dragon pattern, tiger pattern, crepe pattern, animal face pattern, phoenix bird pattern, dragon Pattern, hurricane pattern, dragon and phoenix pattern, milk nail pattern, double dragon, double phoenix, dragon and phoenix joint body is particularly vivid and vivid, and has a strong rhythm and beauty. [Photo 3. Warring States · Topaz Openwork Dragon Jade Decoration]. There are many innovative patterns, such as Pu, Lianxing, silk, and Yinxian chain nails, and more jade or pagoda in the jade. The grains in the grain are smaller and the cracks are tight. The top of the grain is sharper.

The Warring States jade has a relatively uniform style of decoration and manufacturing. The jade articles in each place have more unique works. The jade patterns vary from place to place, but the patterns are different, but in general they are consistent with the style of the Warring States jade.

Craft features. The jade craft is the easiest to reveal its age information. During the Warring States period, due to the extensive use of ironware, the economy developed rapidly and the jade processing technology was greatly improved. The jade processing technology has a brand new situation; the iron shovel with low cost and toughness and wear resistance completely replaces the stone cookware, the opening rules, the shape is accurate, the drilling standard and the gorgeous decoration are the craft features of the Warring States jade.

The production tools of the Warring States period improved and began to be processed with metal and silicon carbide. The jade is finely ground, the carving is fine, the corners are sharp and sharp, and the surface of the object is strong and strong, especially the silver in the groove is strong, the inner wall of the hole is evenly smooth, and there are few traces of production. The edge of the warrior jade ware often has a raised sideline, giving people the feeling of sharpness and revealing. (The grain wall feels like a hand) It is a remarkable craft feature of the Warring States jade.

In the Warring States Period, the inlaying process was unprecedented and the craftsmanship was exquisite. The use of Hetian jade to make decorative pieces, set in large bronze rituals, swords, hooks, horses and horses, is a very popular craft feature of this period. In the jade jade craft, the name "gold and silver misplaced jade". There are gold inlaid silver inlaid turquoise copper sacrifice (Zhongshan Guo), Yu Er copper plate (Shaoxing), wrong gold inlaid jade iron with hook (Xinyang) hook surface embedded with three grain jade plate, embedded jade bronze frame, The frame is engraved with a roll of jade (Huaiyang).

During the Warring States period, the carving process was mature and exquisite, and the processing technology has become more complicated. It has used intaglio, yang, flat, single-sided, open-cut, enamel, earth-cutting, cutting, grinding, polishing and other processes. The jade carvings are exquisite, the lines are smooth, the image is vivid, the patterns are well-proportioned, and the polishing is fine and meticulous. Expressed as:

First, the openwork technique is widely used, and the combination of the curved double-yin line and the single-yin line carving is used to strengthen the decorative beauty. The ornamentation is covered with jade surface and looks very luxurious. The ornamentation is abstract and fine, highlighting the beauty of vivid rhythm. (On behalf of the jade, the four kingdoms of the tomb of the Warring States, Chu State, and Hou Houyi).

Secondly, the carving technique is widely used. The layout of the carvings is dense, the graphics are more choices, the edges are sharp and regular, and the finishes are fine, which makes the jade shape more plump and strengthens the vivid and vivid image of the jade. (Representing the jade is a large-scale hang of the tomb of the Warring States, Chu State, and Hou Houyi).

Third, Yubi broke through the prototype and began to outline. The profile is attached to the circular wall, mostly for the shape of a dragon or a dragon, which adds to the beauty of the shape of the jade wall. [Photo 4 Warring States. The white jade double 螭 螭 廓 谷 谷 ] ].

Fourth, the Warring States jade is the evolution of the spring and autumn jade. The early warring States jade features the features of the spring and autumn jade in the patterns and decorations. For example, the surface of the jade is decorated with a pattern similar to that of the spring and autumn jade; the surface of the jade has a concave pattern similar to the spring and autumn jade pattern [Jadeware unearthed from the tomb of Zenghou Yi in the Warring States Period of Hubei].

Fifth, the polishing technique is exquisite, and the hardness and gloss of the jade material can be fully expressed. Choose a jade with a strong color (Hita Yu). The finish can achieve a glass luster, smooth and fine, showing a radiant, radiant artistic effect. It is an important feature of the wartime jade craftsmanship, and its achievements are unprecedentedly outstanding. It is the representative of the ancient Chinese jade polishing process.

1.5 The commercial value of the Spring and Autumn Warring States jade

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, with the high development of the handicraft industry, the business flourished and the jade became an extremely important treasure in commercial activities. There are "three treasures of business can not be out", the goods of Sanbao, including jade.

"Warring. Qin Ce: "Lv Weiwei said that the father is a few times more than the profit of the farmland? 曰: Ten times. How many times does the jade jade win? 曰: a hundred times." Visible jewellery and jade business profitable, far more than agricultural products, was the giant Da Jia is the first choice for jade trading. For example, Lu Buwei (phase country) of Thailand, the politician, thinker and business giant of the Qin State in the Warring States Period. He once served as the king of Qin State, presided over the compilation of the "Lv's Spring and Autumn" of the predecessors of the Qin Dynasty. Wei Guoguo was a native of Shuyang. He first ran a jewelry business in the shadow area of ​​South Korea (Hexian County, Henan Province) and later became Zhao Guozhen as a giant. Bai Guo of Wei Guo is known as the “giant” and “Gianwan” who symbolize wealth. "Book of Rites. Jade System" "Jinwen Jewelry, not porridge in the city." Interpreted as: "Jinwenzhuyu, gorgeous things, rich people, but not too much, not porridge in the city, does not show the people to luxury." Explain the prosperity of the wealthy people gathering jewelry and jade.

In the early spring and autumn, jade articles have become the intermediary price of exchange of objects. From the late Spring and Autumn Period to the Warring States Period, jade articles have entered commercial transactions and become one of the main contents of commercial activities. The commercial value of jade is expressed in: "Pipe. "Eight Views": "Jin Yu, a merchant of wealth and wealth, regardless of his ambitions, but also has a singer." The combination of official and business, Yu Luwei, the commercial and cultural value and political value of jade can be seen.

"Shang Shu. Hong Fan has: "One day food, two days goods." Interpreted as: "the goods, the total name of the golden jade cloth." The trade of grain and jade in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States became the main content of the social and economic food circulation at that time. The commercial value of jade articles is expressed in the history of the development of jade articles in China for thousands of years, only during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Second, the cultural and artistic style of the spring and autumn warring States jade

A distinctive feature of the Chinese jade culture is its comprehensiveness, which is reflected in the exchange and integration of various ethnic groups, localities and various cultures and arts. In Chinese history, each era has its own unique cultural and artistic style. A basic law in the development of Chinese jade is the inheritance of the past and the future. The Chinese jade culture has the dual characteristics of inheritance and rheology. The overall development direction of the Spring and Autumn Warring States jade is that the inheritance is not as prominent as the surface of rheology. The rheological change is mainly manifested in the innovation of various aspects of culture and art on the basis of inheritance.

2.1 Innovative dragon art style crepe

It is known from the archaeological excavations of the past dynasties that the jade 蟠螭 (蟠螭) pattern began in the Spring and Autumn Period. The earliest carved enamel is a double-body shape with eyelids, no eyeballs, scales, no horns, and pointed tails. (Henan Wen County). Han Shu. Sima Xiangru Chuan·Note: “Wen Ying曰: “螭 is a dragon. "Historical Records of the Book of the Book of the Han Dynasty" when the Yellow Emperor was in the same position, "Huang Long sees." "Said the text" records: "Hey, if the dragon and the yellow north, the party is called the earth, or the hornless." ”

It is known from the historical materials that the dragon is a beast of the dragon, and the mantle is a bandit. The prototype of the dragon is a crocodile. It can be seen from the 螭 品 铜 ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( In ancient China, it was also known as the tiger. "Zuo Chuan. Note: Contains: "Mountain God, animal shape, or like a tiger." Ban Gu. "Fang Yanran Mountain Ming Preface" describes: "It is because of the hoe of the head, the fierceness of the scorpion is like a tiger." The artistic image of the sacred god began in the spring and autumn jade. Jade crepe has important mythological and cultural value. In the mythology, the god of blasphemy began to flourish since the Spring and Autumn Period. It is recorded in the historical materials of ancient books such as "Lu Shi Chun Qiu·Difficulty" and "Historical Records of the Five Emperors". The jade ruins of archaeological excavations are the most in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Since then, the striated patterns of the dynasties have been inseparable from the old models of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States.

From the overall analysis, the development of striated patterns has changed from simple to complex. From no angle to horn, from no foot to foot, from wingless to winged, but the original blueprint is the crepe of the spring and autumn jade, [Photo 5 Spring and Autumn, Topaz, Carving, Dragon and Jade]. From the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qing Dynasty, the enamel lines of ancient jade articles formed a large series of patterns, which were widely used and appeared on jade articles of all ages. Innovative cultural and artistic styles, for thousands of years, the crepe and the dragon pattern complement each other, learn from each other's strengths, advance with the times, and ultimately return to one of the main beams of the traditional Chinese architecture, within the Dragon Culture series. Among the dragon and phoenix art styles.

2.2 Communication and Innovation between Zhongshan Type and Medium Prototype Culture and Art Style

The Zhongshan State was a country founded by the Baidi ethnic group in the northern minority during the Warring States Period. Although Zhongshan is small, its economy and culture are developed, and the jade crafts produced are exquisite and colorful. The jade is rich in shape, mainly based on the sculpture, and has both bas-relief, enamel carving and Yin-line engraving. The ornamentation is dominated by dragon, tiger and crepe. The Zhongshan Jade Artifact pays attention to the traditional style of the culture of the Central Plains jade, based on the Central Plains jade, as a reference for the creation of jade articles in the country. The jadeware of the native of Zhongshan is unique in style and well-crafted. The archaeological excavation unearthed from the archaeological excavation of the Tomb of the King of Zhongshan can be seen in the name of the book "Jiquan Yijiyu". "Public" is the collective name for the princes in the Central Plains during the Spring and Autumn Period. "All" means that Zhou Tianzi uses jade to be pure and pure. "Zhou Li·Kao Gong Ji·Yu Ren" has: "The Emperor uses the whole, the public 尨" (尨 refers to the jade of the jade). "Jiyu" refers to the auspicious jade. Seen in the "Shan Hai Jing" in the "Xi Shan Jing" has "use a jade jade". Same as the inscription on the double dragon. It can be considered that the double dragon-shaped Pei of the Tomb of the King of Zhongshan should be the jade that the King of Zhongshan rewards the princes of the country.

From the comprehensive analysis of jade articles unearthed from Zhongshan, the cultural and artistic styles are integrated with the Central Plains culture and art style and occupy the mainstream. It can be said that the "Central Plains" or "Huahua" of Zhongshan culture and art is a model for the integration, integration and creation of cultures and arts of various ethnic groups during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

2.3 Innovative star pattern and multi-layered decorative jade wall culture and art style

Archaeological researchers unearthed a strange jade wall from the Tomb of the Warring States (Changsha, Hunan). The ornamentation is a double circle pattern, which is a positive pattern, which has never been seen before. The arrangement is disorderly and disorderly. It represents the stars in the sky. It is the earliest star-shaped ancient people on the ancient jade in China. The wall is the symbol of the garden. The star pattern on the wall is the depiction of the signs of the stars. The star pattern on the wall indicates that the stars inherited the ancestors in the Warring States Period accounted for the culture and subtly reflected in the jade wall. In the middle of the Warring States Period, the famous astronomer of Wei State, the astrologer Shi Shen, was the first volume of the "Stars" and the eight volumes of "Astronomy". It was the earliest star book in China, and its era coincided with the unearthed star pattern wall. The innovative star-shaped jade wall of the Warring States created the first of the ancient Chinese jade stars. It laid the foundation for the shape of the star pattern wall with the straight lines between the stars of the Han Dynasty. The cultural and artistic form of Qin Guoyu's innovation in the Spring and Autumn Period is a multi-layered wall. The characteristic of the decorative pattern is that the ornamentation is well-defined and arranged in an orderly volume and full of beauty. In the Warring States Period, on the basis of this special-shaped decorative pattern, there was a further development, and a multi-layered decorative wall (Shandong Qufu) appeared. There are five layers of ornament on the jade wall. The outermost ring and the inner ring are the animal face pattern. The inside of the two circles are the same grain pattern and bundle silk pattern. The pattern is embossed with bas-relief and Yin line, and the layers are distinct. [Photo 7 Warring States, Sapphire Carvings, Multi-layered Decorative Jade Wall].

In ancient China, the ancestors used the wall of the garden to admire the heavens. The Spring and Autumn Warring States jade wall (decorated with moiré, animal face, grain, and silk) is used to pray for the gods to bless the harvest of the mulberry silk. From ancient times to the present, when people can't conquer nature, they want to conquer it in cultural and artistic works. Even if they can't conquer nature in material, they must conquer it spiritually. The connotation of Chinese traditional culture is "circle". People hope that (Five Valley Fengdeng, Guotai Min'an) can be successfully realized in real life or religious mythology, and the round jade wall is just the "magic object" of this spiritual sustenance. History is always traced inadvertently. The multi-layered jade wall of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States has brought the cultural and artistic style of ancient Chinese jade wall and the aesthetic connotation of decorative culture to the extreme. It expresses the idea that human beings are eager to overcome nature and are in harmony with nature.

2.4 Innovative artistic style, unique Chu Guoyu

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are the maturity of the dragon culture, and all kinds of material culture are inseparable from the dragon's artistic style and ornamentation. Yulong is one of the representatives of Chu Guoyu culture in the Warring States Period. During the Warring States period, the Yulong of the Central Plains countries was the main body of the ornament, and the Chu Yulong was more unique. The style and ornamentation were summarized as follows:

(1) The dragon has a horn or ear and no eyes. Long face, upper lip long, lower lip short and involute, and connected to the upper lip, the joint forms a round hole, the upper lip meets the body.

(2) The dragon body is mostly a bend or two bends, and the star shape is shaped like an English letter "S", which is called "S" shape or "double S" shape dragon.

(3) The dragon's body is hairy and long, showing a two-point technique with one to three parallel lines.

(4) Most of the dragons have a yin-grain grain, a few are bas-relief grain, and the grain is in the middle of the dragon body. The dragon neck, tail, and melon are generally not decorated with grain, and the single-yin line is engraved, which is thick and powerful.

(5) The overall style of the dragon body is stubborn and wild, and the Mercedes-Benz is tumbling. [Photo 8 Warring States, Qingbai jade carving curved jade dragon].

The material culture of Chu State is inseparable from the artistic style and ornamentation of the dragon, especially in jade. Chu is a native of the Central Plains and has a rich culture. It is a representative of Jiangnan culture. The Chinese culture during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period was a dual coupling culture. The northern mountains and rivers are majestic, the south is beautiful; Chu represents the south. The Yellow Emperor of the North is sacred, the Southern Emperor is eccentric; the Chu State belongs to the Emperor System, and the outstanding performance is Long Weiwu. For example, in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the dragon and phoenix paintings were unearthed at the Tomb of Changchu Yichu. The picture shows a lady's hands praying for dragons and phoenixes; the dragon is climbing, the phoenix is ​​flying, and the dragon is especially respected. The overall artistic style of Chu Yulong is unrestrained and unique, and has unique and important features in the shape. The performance of the jade faucet is a narrow face, and the amount is straight, just like a horse head. It is like the "Dragon Horse" in ancient myths and legends. "Shang Shu Gu Ming Biography" records: "The ancient Emperor Fuxi Wang Tianxia, ​​Longma out of the river, engraved eight pictures, called the "river map." "Book of Rites, Li Yun" description: "River out of the horse", release According to historical records, the Chu people admire the Taoism of Lao Zhuang and are consistent with the culture of Zhuang Sao. It can be considered that Chu Yulong is an ancient Chinese dragon horse statue, which is consistent with the characteristics of Chu culture. The unique artistic style and cultural connotation of Chu Yulong expresses the spirit of Longma, which is developed and innovated by the Chu people.

2.5 Innovative Peiyu Behavioral Culture and Art Style

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, due to the advocacy of Confucian master Confucius, the moral standards and new moral concepts of "Yi Bide" appeared. The new idea of ​​Chong Yu and Pei Yu is to give the connotation of Confucian morality to the beauty and virtue of jade. Confucius's classic "Book of Rites and Employing Righteousness" has ten kinds of virtues; "Pipe and Waterland" has nine virtues in terms of jade; There are seven virtues in the virtue of virtue. Each of them is similar and similar. The common content is to attach the morality and behavior of the gentleman to the jade. See the poem Qin Feng· Xiao Yan, which began in the Spring and Autumn Period: "Like the gentleman, Wen Qiruyu". Later, there was the theory of Confucius's "Book of Rites, Employing Righteousness", "Junzi Bide Yu Yu".

Put jade as the most pristine, natural and sacred object. To impart tenacity, gentleness, modesty, elegance, justice, integrity, integrity, and integrity, to compare the morality and behavior of the Chinese nation, Chongyu and Peiyu regard the social ethics and morality and noble morality. The jade is tied to the gentleman, and the German and the jade are united. Confucius personalizes and sacred the jade, emphasizing that the essence of Peiyu not only expresses the external beauty, but also dresses himself; but expresses the self-cultivation and spiritual world of the person, and is used to express the gentleman's talents, self-satisfaction, gentleness, courtesy and courtesy.

With the jade self-cultivation, he demanded that "the gentleman has no reason, and the jade does not go to the body." Jade is a watch of virtue, with a moist, simple and elegant character. The unique jade consciousness of material, social and spiritual three-in-one, the concept of "Jade-Bide" reflects the ethical principles of Peiyu in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, moral culture and behavioral culture and art style, and has become the rich thought and spirit of Chinese jade culture. Connotation.

In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Peiyu, also known as "Miscellaneous", refers to a piece of jade that is suspended from the body. It is usually composed of 璜, ring, 珑 (Dragon-shaped peony), amber (hu-shaped peony), beads and so on. The group usually uses jade rings and jade as a square body, and the 珑 珠 beads are suspended. Except for the different forms of jade, the people wear a group of jade, not only for the purpose of pure decoration, but also emphasize the action of the jade, and the manner must maintain a harmonious and harmonious relationship with Jade. "Book of Rites and Scriptures" records: "There is a voice of the ring." It is to stop at the Jade Festival. The body is covered with jade, and when you walk, the jade pieces will gently collide with each other, making a sound of jade. At this time, the form of ceremonial ceremonies has developed into a double aesthetic effect with aesthetics and beauty. The pace of Pei Yu must be light, standardized and rhythm, in order to be in harmony with and consistent with the shape and sound of Yu Pei. In order to make the jade person dignified, heavy, and gait steady, showing the gentleman's manners, beauty and temperament, was regarded as a symbol of the perfect character of the gentleman. The harmony between Peiyu and the walking steps is the embodiment of etiquette. It is the innovative cultural content and cultural and artistic style of Peiyu during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. For thousands of years, the ethical principles and ethics of "Jade Bide" have been deeply rooted in the hearts of Chinese people, and have become a lingering potential consciousness, driving the world's Chinese people to wear jade, and to inherit generations. Handed down.

UHMW Tape

UHMW Tape, UHMW Plastic Tape, UHMW Slick Tape, UHMW Polyethylene Tape

NINGBO TIANSHUO (SUPERBRIGHT) TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD., , https://www.ptfe-supplier.com

Posted on