Discussion on the Quality of Outdoor Environmental Lighting in Journal of Hunan Institute of Environmental Biology and Technology 2004 Xiao Xiaojun (Department of Landscape Architecture, Hunan Environmental Biotechnology College, Hengyang, Hunan 421005) Lighting image, the basic requirements for improving and reproducing urban taste. Outdoor night-time decorative lighting is to make full use of the intensity of light exposure, color matching, strong light illumination, etc., to create a wonderful landscape, so that the city buildings can be full of brilliance after the darkness, vividly express its unique The style that produces enormous social and economic value. The International Commission on Illumination documents highly value the significance of outdoor decorative lighting. It points out that a bright city is popular, intoxicating and pleasing. It attracts tourists and can induce their interest." Everywhere. No matter how far or how close the observer leaves the object, what is left is the ever-changing spatial image. In the very small to infinite range, light becomes a tool for architects and urban planning experts. Reaching unprecedented levels, whether the light is traditional or modern, slow or fast, constant or flashing, it passes through the city and buildings, under their bathing, everything shines Hui “Outdoor nightscape lighting has become an indispensable part of lighting in many cities around the world. With the rapid economic growth and the rising living standards, there has been considerable development in China. Especially in small and medium-sized cities. The quality of urban environment, the enhancement of cultural taste, and the creation of a good urban atmosphere have all played a beneficial role in promoting the nighttime lighting. 1 object type and characteristics of outdoor environmental lighting for 9 people on the 4th introduction Luo Xiao 31966-) Hunan Changsha people e assistant researcher li to electric lighting s and equipment control ifeserved.http:// the charm of nature is Infinity, as the main body of the city, it is also composed of countless complicated points, lines and faces. "It is not that our life lacks beauty, but lacks discovery." For the effect and effect of outdoor environmental lighting, restore a true and transparent The human landscape and the reshaping of the miracle of modern civilization is one of its value-for-money behaviors. Therefore, the selection of lighting objects and ranges is the key to the overall lighting design. In short, the lighting object can be either a natural object or a building; it can be old or modern. You can use light to fully display its characteristics and style. The types of decorative lighting objects include: monuments, commercial buildings, natural attractions, buildings, art and pavilions, parks, flower beds, etc. The success of the lighting scheme is determined not only by the quality of the lighting technology and the materials used, but also to a certain extent depending on the pre-existing research on the environment and the objects, especially the depth and understanding of the following aspects: first Architectural and artistic features; in many places in a city it is worthwhile to focus on lighting. As mentioned above, various architectural forms and cultural attractions should be observed with a high degree of discriminating ability, understand their importance and characteristics in architecture, history, and artistic aesthetics, and strive to reveal it by light. Highlight it. Secondly, there should be a breakthrough in the reproduction of the level of the object; when the observer observes the illuminated object from a favorable angle that can overlook the city, or from the city square, or from the wide street, it will certainly feel At a valuable level, then the lighting illumination must reproduce this level and clearly strengthen the main part. Finally, accurate identification of environmental characteristics is also required; one of the main advantages of floodlighting is the ability to separate a quality subject from the surrounding environment, so in any case, it is better to expand the lighting range a bit. Leave an environment for the theme. In addition, the role of ambient lighting should also be estimated, its intensity and direction of light may hinder the observation of the object. Therefore, through the above analysis, the choice of lighting objects is the most basic pre-work for the entire outdoor lighting, and the significance is extremely far-reaching. 2 The effect of outdoor environment lighting In order to create a night city decoration, there are many ways to display natural scenery and artificial products by means of illumination. The expressions are different. The effects are as follows: 2.1 General projection lighting effect for a plane or volume Objects (such as monuments, artwork, etc.) are illuminated for illumination, so that they can be seen at night and their appearance or historical appearance; because the object is brighter than the background and environment, it stands out in the background And the environment. Usually, a permanent and fixed effect can be obtained by simply mounting the floodlight around the object. At the same time, due consideration should be given to its directionality to ensure artistic expression. 2.2 Variable light projection illumination effect Variable illumination is referred to as dynamic illumination, which is a highly flexible illumination method; it enhances the effect by changing the illumination level of different parts of the illuminated object, resulting in dynamic. Dynamic lighting uses traditional projection lighting technology, which utilizes a lighting control system to achieve dynamic effects by controlling the opening or shading of the floodlights and even controlling the color change of the light. 2.2.1 Luminous effect It can enhance the viewer's interest and activate the atmosphere by constantly changing images, moving light, changing light color, etc. At the same time, because of the use of the program control system, the lighting scheme can be based on the time and space of the sensor and the device. The time period is illuminated, so the operating costs are also reduced accordingly. 2.2.2 Technical requirements All lighting units must be studied separately and can be used alone or in combination with another unit. When they together form an overall illumination, no conflicts should occur. In particular, it should be considered that the direction of illumination and the effect of illumination must be consistent with the overall aesthetics of the object being illuminated, and must also be consistent with the quality of illumination seen at the main observation point or at multiple observation points. All luminaires that show the same illumination in one direction are connected to one electrical line, and luminaires that have a background illumination should be connected to another electrical line. 2.2.3 The change plan determines the interval of illumination change, which is neither too slow, and the motion is not strong or too fast, so that the observer cannot evaluate the dynamic state of each display. The specific change plan is based on the size of the object to be taken, and on-site debugging is performed to obtain the best dynamic effect. Contour 'illumination effect iaAcademic contour illumination is a commonly used form of illumination in outdoor lighting. It uses a linear light source or a line of point light sources to outline the contours of the building, the frame of the door and the window or the ridge line. Contour lighting is a very effective means of expressing the shape and line combination of the building, fixing the illuminating lines on the boundaries and contours, thereby highlighting the features of the building. 2.3.1 Adaptation range It is completely different from the role of floodlighting. It is not in the details but in the shape of the lines and the entire building; it produces a lighting environment that is closer to the downtown landscape and suitable for larger buildings. Not suitable for small monuments. Such as China's ancient buildings, bridges and domes. This method is not recommended for smaller buildings, because the illuminating lines are too close to view at a certain distance, causing visual confusion and creating a pile of annoying light. 2.3.2 Application characteristics The advantages of its application are its independence from the surrounding environment. It is not as dependent on the surrounding environment as the installation of floodlights and road lights. Since all the installation points are located on the object, Simplified wiring. The disadvantage is that the installation and maintenance costs are large and the cost is too high. In addition, in order to meet the illumination of each observation point, many lighting fixtures are inevitable, which has a certain influence on the landscape during the day. This is where the outline lighting is insufficient. 2.3.3 Lighting equipment is an excellent outline effect. In addition to ordinary light sources, contour lighting is also widely used in new linear light sources with rich light color, high luminous efficiency, low power and convenient maintenance; Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), electroluminescent (EL) strips, and fiber-optic lighting systems have given new life to the display of contour lighting effects. 2.4 Sound and light illumination effect The program with a specified time interval in the performance mode is based on a projection illumination object, through a series of white and colored light, combined with music accompaniment and sound effects. The change of light and the change of music will make people think and feel happy. 3 Quality factors of outdoor environmental lighting Outdoor environmental lighting should not only follow the general lighting quality technical requirements, but also emphasize the implementation of its unique performance form on the basis of this, the quality level requirements should be correspondingly improved. 3.1 Brightness requirements To ensure visibility, the average brightness of the surface of the object to be photographed must match the environment, size and position of the monument being studied, otherwise it will produce an effect that is not commensurate with the overall environment. As the environment, especially the background, the higher the average brightness, the higher the brightness of the monument. A vaguely illuminated memorial, even in a bright background, can't be seen. On the contrary, in the bleak background, when the memorial is illuminated by strong light, it will be particularly eye-catching. Table 1 The brightness distribution of the surface of the illuminated object is lighter (lighter, or blurred) 4 general area (small town, suburb of the city) 6 brightly lit area (in the entertainment, business district of the city) 12 In order to produce sufficient visual impact, a smaller, independent surface must have a higher brightness level. In a similar environment, the larger the surface, the lower the brightness level required. In addition, when the environment is similar and the size is the same, the illumination level when viewing the monument from a distance is much higher than that when viewed nearby (see Table 1). 3.2 Illumination Level The International Commission on Illumination (CIE) gives relevant recommendations for the illumination standard for outdoor general illumination. However, for outdoor ambient illumination, due to its particularity, it must be calculated according to the brightness distribution of the object and the reflection characteristics of the material. Required lighting values: 3.3 Glare outdoor ambient lighting can also produce glare and discomfort glare. When the luminaire is closer to the center of the observer's field of view, the illuminance in the observer's eyes is increased, and the background brightness of the illumination is diminished, glare is added. In order to improve the quality of ambient lighting, it is necessary to effectively limit and overcome the uncomfortable glare. In addition to improving the installation height of the luminaire, making the angle between the peak intensity of the luminaire and the vertical direction of the illuminator less than 70, maximizing the illuminated area and improving the ambient brightness, it should also consider the projection direction and the choice of the object to be treated. It is very important to carefully select the entrance point (observation point) for the comprehensive attraction lighting (garden view), because it directly affects the quality of lighting and glare; large-scale lighting projects also require construction. Previous field tests to get the best results and keep the glare effects to a minimum. Therefore, in order to eliminate this glare hazard, it is absolutely necessary to adjust the installation point of the spotlight multiple times. 3.4 Light source Outdoor ambient lighting source is very important, different occasions, different atmospheres, different effects to use different light sources. The most widely used are incandescent and gas discharge lamps (HID). Due to its good color rendering and low color temperature, incandescent lamps are suitable for a wide range of lighting effects. In addition, there are many varieties, which can be dimmed and have good performance. It provides possibilities for dynamic lighting effects; in addition to ordinary lighting bulbs, There are soft glass reflection bubbles, spherical silver-plated bubbles, ultra-low-voltage bulbs and PAR lamps, etc., which have superior performance for decorative lighting, combined lighting patterns, contour lighting, partial flooding lighting and dynamic lighting, and are widely used in outdoor decoration. In the lighting. However, due to the low light efficiency of incandescent lamps, the application of a wide range of projection lighting is limited, which is the only shortcoming of incandescent lamps. HID light source is a high-pressure gas discharge light source, which has the characteristics of high luminous efficiency, high power and long life; and, due to its variety and characteristics, it is suitable for various environmental illuminations (see Table 2). In the outdoor environment lighting design, the lighting treatment for the integrated space should be combined with the metal halide lamp and the high-pressure sodium lamp to complement each other. In this way, it not only highlights the good color rendering performance of the metal halide lamp, but also exerts the high luminous efficiency characteristics of the high pressure sodium lamp to obtain a better lighting effect! Table 2 Characteristics and application of the main HID lamps Table features The high-pressure mercury lamp has a rated life of more than 10,000 hours and a luminous efficiency of 55~60hm/Wf. The voltage fluctuation has a great impact on the life, and the startup or restart time is long. Poor color performance. Applicable to squares, building facades and floodlighting high-pressure sodium lamps for tree plants have a long service life and light effect (90~ is golden yellow, but the start-up time is slow and the color rendering is poor. Large-area lighting, especially suitable for floodlighting of brown, red or buildings. Low-pressure sodium lamps have a long service life and high luminous efficiency (200) lmW, but due to the low color rendering index of monochromatic light (yellow). The special-purpose light-emitting illumination metal halide has a luminous efficiency of 50-100 lm/w, and the color temperature range is high. The color-receiving requirement is higher, but the installation direction has special requirements. The spotlighting 3.5 color application color casts makes the decorative lighting more colorful and more active. However, it must be noted that the color illumination has some colors associated with it, but it may also run the risk of creating excessively strong chromatic aberrations. Therefore, when selecting the color cast light, the color should be selected properly, and some related tests can be made. Color projection of different material facades will change the color of the building, so the color of the projection must be determined according to the color of the various materials and the meaning of the building symbol. Multi-color lighting is generally used for short-time display applications and is not suitable for permanent projection applications. At present, the color of the light source used for the projection illumination is different. The simplest and most economical method is to select the light source that is most suitable for this effect. There is no strong color difference in this practice, reducing unsatisfactory ingredients. In addition, color processing can be performed by color filters or multi-layer color films to obtain a desired color, but heat resistance must be considered, and the light output of the light source will be affected to some extent. For the above analysis, once again remind us that color in outdoor environmental lighting applications, must be tested, be careful! 4 Conclusion In the application of lighting technology, there are many factors that determine the quality of outdoor ambient lighting. In order to create night lighting with urban characteristics, not only (30s) low yarn, fabric is easily wrinkled after washing, and it is difficult to iron and smooth, affecting Fabric style, because the metal fiber can not be colored, the part exposed on the surface of the yarn affects the appearance of the fabric, especially the light fabric. 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